{"id":3055,"date":"2025-09-08T09:41:22","date_gmt":"2025-09-08T09:41:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/acmeitsolutions.net\/ibcognito\/?post_type=notes&p=3055"},"modified":"2025-09-08T09:41:24","modified_gmt":"2025-09-08T09:41:24","slug":"unit-2-1-introduction-to-human-resource-management","status":"publish","type":"notes","link":"https:\/\/acmeitsolutions.net\/ibcognito\/notes\/unit-2-1-introduction-to-human-resource-management\/","title":{"rendered":"Unit 2.1- Introduction to Human Resource Management"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Role of HRM<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  • Human Resource Management (HRM)<\/strong>\u00a0is the process of managing people within an organization to achieve business goals. This includes tasks like:<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Planning for staffing needs<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Recruiting and hiring employees<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Training and developing employees<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Evaluating employee performance<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Managing employee compensation and benefits<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Handling disciplinary issues<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Ensuring employee well-being<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
    <\/div>\n\n\n\n

    How Can Human Resource Planning be Achieved?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
      \n
    • Historical data:<\/strong>\u00a0Examining past workforce size, part-time employment, and flexible work patterns can provide insights, but isn’t always predictive.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Economic conditions:<\/strong>\u00a0Increased income and spending typically lead to job growth.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Employee turnover:<\/strong>\u00a0High turnover rates indicate a need for increased recruitment and training.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Workforce flexibility:<\/strong>\u00a0A skilled and adaptable workforce can handle fluctuations better than an overspecialized one.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Demographic trends:<\/strong>\u00a0Changes in the workforce composition (e.g., more women, graduates) can impact future staffing requirements.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
      <\/div>\n\n\n\n

      What are the 5 R\u2019s of Human Resources?<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
        \n
      • Recruitment – Higher costs of recruitment, induction, and training.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Resources – Increasing resources and management time spent on dealing with personnel problems, rather than achieving organizational objectives.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Reservations – Lower morale and higher levels of uncertainty suffered by existing staff who experience continual change mean that employees are more reserved and less productive.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • \u00a0Returns – Lower levels of labour productivity, profits, and competitiveness.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • \u00a0Reputation – Poorer corporate image as the business cannot retain or motivate its staff<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
        <\/div>\n\n\n\n

        Internal and External Factors Influencing HRM (Demographic Change)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
          \n
        • Demographic change<\/strong>\u00a0refers to shifts in population characteristics such as age, gender, and birth rate. These changes significantly impact the supply of human resources in a country.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Key factors influencing demographic change include:<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Net birth rate:<\/strong>\u00a0The difference between births and deaths.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Net migration rate:<\/strong>\u00a0The difference between immigrants and emigrants.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Retirement age:<\/strong>\u00a0The legal age to stop working.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Female workforce participation:<\/strong>\u00a0The percentage of women in the labor force.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Longevity:<\/strong>\u00a0The average lifespan of a population.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
          <\/div>\n\n\n\n

          Changes in Labor Mobility<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
            \n
          • Labor mobility<\/strong>\u00a0refers to the ability of workers to move geographically and occupationally. Higher mobility generally leads to a greater supply of labor.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Factors limiting geographical mobility include:<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Personal ties:<\/strong>\u00a0Friends and family.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Cost of living:<\/strong>\u00a0Housing and other expenses.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Cultural and language barriers:<\/strong>\u00a0Especially for international mobility.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Factors influencing occupational mobility include:<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Age:<\/strong>\u00a0Younger people tend to be more mobile.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Specialization:<\/strong>\u00a0Highly specialized workers may have limited options.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
            <\/div>\n\n\n\n

            Immigration<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
              \n
            • Migrant workers<\/strong>\u00a0are individuals who work in a country that is not their native land. Millions of people migrate for work, driven by various factors.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Common reasons for migration include:<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Higher pay and benefits:<\/strong>\u00a0Multinational companies often offer attractive packages.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Lower taxes:<\/strong>\u00a0Some countries have favorable tax rates.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Employment opportunities:<\/strong>\u00a0Economic growth in high-income countries creates demand for labor.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Seasonal factors:<\/strong>\u00a0Agricultural work may be seasonal.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Domestic instability:<\/strong>\u00a0Political unrest or economic hardship.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Higher standard of living:<\/strong>\u00a0Improved lifestyle and opportunities for children.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Migrant workers contribute to the host country’s economy through:<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Production:<\/strong>\u00a0Adding to the workforce.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Consumption:<\/strong>\u00a0Spending money.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Tax payments:<\/strong>\u00a0Contributing to government revenue.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
              <\/div>\n\n\n\n

              Flexitime<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                \n
              • Flexitime<\/strong>\u00a0is a flexible work arrangement where employees work a core period and have flexibility in determining their working hours within a specified time frame. This system has gained significant popularity, particularly following the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • Benefits of flexitime include:<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • Improved work-life balance:<\/strong>\u00a0Allows employees to manage personal commitments.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • Reduced overtime costs:<\/strong>\u00a0Can help manage labor costs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • Enhanced company image:<\/strong>\u00a0Demonstrates a commitment to equal opportunities and flexibility.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                <\/div>\n\n\n\n

                Teleworking<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                  \n
                • Teleworking<\/strong>\u00a0is the practice of working remotely using technology. It was popularized in the 1970s and has gained significant traction due to advancements in technology and increasing challenges with commuting.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Common industries that utilize teleworking include:<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Insurance<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Banking<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Market research<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Airlines<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Teleworking often involves call centers, where employees handle customer inquiries remotely.<\/strong>\u00a0This frees up time for on-site management and allows for greater mobility among teleworkers, such as salespeople.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                  <\/div>\n\n\n\n

                  Homeworking<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                    \n
                  • Homeworking is an aspect of flexitime whereby people work from their own homes. According to the International Telework Association and Council (ITAC), the number of people working from home in the European Union pre-COVID-19 (during business hours) was approximately 15% but rose to almost 40% by 2020. With advances in technology (such as wireless and mobile technologies), which allow employees to operate in almost any location, the number of homeworkers and teleworkers will continue to rise post-pandemic.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                    <\/div>\n\n\n\n

                    Advantages of Teleworking and Homeworking for Employees<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                      \n
                    • Benefits of Teleworking:<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • Job opportunities:<\/strong>\u00a0In remote areas.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • Flexibility:<\/strong>\u00a0For caregivers and those with personal commitments.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • Reduced commute:<\/strong>\u00a0Saves time, money, and stress.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • Autonomy:<\/strong>\u00a0Greater control over work organization.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • Tax benefits:<\/strong>\u00a0Potential tax breaks for using personal property for work.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • Lower costs:<\/strong>\u00a0Decreased technology costs make teleworking more accessible.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                      <\/div>\n\n\n\n

                      Disadvantages of Teleworking and Homeworking for Employees<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                        \n
                      • Disadvantages of Teleworking:<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      • Technology reliance:<\/strong>\u00a0Dependence on reliable software and hardware.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      • Overwork:<\/strong>\u00a0Potential for working excessive hours.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      • Social isolation:<\/strong>\u00a0Lack of face-to-face interaction.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      • Job insecurity:<\/strong>\u00a0Reduced job protection and union representation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      • Distractions:<\/strong>\u00a0The Home environment can be disruptive.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      • Limited training and development:<\/strong>\u00a0Fewer opportunities for career advancement.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                        <\/div>\n\n\n\n

                        Advantages of Teleworking and Homeworking for Employers<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                          \n
                        • Benefits of Flexitime:<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                        • Reduced overheads:<\/strong>\u00a0Lower costs for office space.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                        • Flexible hours:<\/strong>\u00a0Extended hours for customers and employees.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                        • Adjusted peak times:<\/strong>\u00a0Adaptability to busy periods.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                        • Reduced absenteeism:<\/strong>\u00a0Improved attendance among workers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                        • Working time directives:<\/strong>\u00a0Compliance with work hour regulations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                          <\/div>\n\n\n\n

                          Disadvantages of Teleworking and Homeworking for Employers<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                            \n
                          • Set-up costs:<\/strong>\u00a0High initial investment in technology.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                          • Recruitment:<\/strong>\u00a0Finding suitable candidates with self-motivation and initiative.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                          • Management:<\/strong>\u00a0Difficulty in monitoring and controlling off-site workers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                          • Continuity of services:<\/strong>\u00a0Potential disruptions from workers with childcare responsibilities.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                          • Technological breakdowns:<\/strong>\u00a0Issues with equipment and software.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                          • Space and security:<\/strong>\u00a0Limited home workspace or concerns about data security.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                            <\/div>\n\n\n\n

                            Gig Economy<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                              \n
                            • The gig economy<\/strong>\u00a0is a labor market characterized by short-term, flexible, and temporary work arrangements. Workers often operate as independent contractors, providing services on demand through online platforms.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Key features of the gig economy:<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Short-term contracts:<\/strong>\u00a0No permanent employment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • On-demand work:<\/strong>\u00a0Services provided as needed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Online platforms:<\/strong>\u00a0Connecting workers with clients.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Examples of gig economy services:<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Ride-sharing (Uber, Lyft)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Food delivery (DoorDash, Grubhub)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Task completion (TaskRabbit)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Freelancing (Upwork, Fiverr)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • The gig economy has grown significantly due to advancements in technology and a shift towards more flexible work arrangements.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                              <\/div>\n\n\n\n

                              Advantages of the Gig Economy<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                                \n
                              • Benefits of the Gig Economy:<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              • Flexibility:<\/strong>\u00a0Adaptable to individual needs for workers, businesses, and consumers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              • Opportunities:<\/strong>\u00a0Increased opportunities for portfolio workers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              • Work-life balance:<\/strong>\u00a0Greater control over work-life schedules.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              • Lower costs:<\/strong>\u00a0Reduced labor costs for businesses.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              • Additional income:<\/strong>\u00a0Opportunities for extra earnings for contractors and freelancers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                                <\/div>\n\n\n\n

                                Disadvantages of the Gig Economy<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                                  \n
                                • Job security:<\/strong>\u00a0Lack of permanent employment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                • Benefits:<\/strong>\u00a0Limited fringe benefits like health insurance and sick pay.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                • Income:<\/strong>\u00a0Inconsistent income compared to traditional employment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                • Career path:<\/strong>\u00a0Difficulty in progressing professionally.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                • Social support:<\/strong>\u00a0Reduced support from colleagues and managers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                • Tax returns:<\/strong>\u00a0Responsibility for filing taxes independently.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                • Burnout:<\/strong>\u00a0Stress and exhaustion from multiple contracts.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                • Challenges for businesses:<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                • Outsourcing risks:<\/strong>\u00a0Reliance on contractors who may not deliver satisfactory service.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                • Corporate image:<\/strong>\u00a0Potential damage to reputation if contractors underperform.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                  Resistance to Change in the Workplace<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                                    \n
                                  • Resistance to change<\/strong>\u00a0is a common barrier to effective human resource management. Professor John Paul Kotter identified four primary reasons for this resistance:<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                  • Self-interest:<\/strong>\u00a0Employees may prioritize their own concerns over organizational goals.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                  • Low tolerance for change:<\/strong>\u00a0People prefer familiarity and stability.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                  • Misinformation:<\/strong>\u00a0Lack of clear communication leads to misunderstandings.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                  • Different assessments:<\/strong>\u00a0Disagreements between management and staff on the need for change.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                                    <\/div>\n\n\n\n

                                    Six Change Approaches to Address This<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                                      \n
                                    1. Education and communication:<\/strong>\u00a0Inform and educate stakeholders.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                    2. Participation and involvement:<\/strong>\u00a0Include employees in the decision-making process.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                    3. Facilitation and support:<\/strong>\u00a0Provide support during the change process.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                    4. Negotiation and agreement:<\/strong>\u00a0Offer incentives for acceptance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                    5. Manipulation and co-option:<\/strong>\u00a0Involve representatives of those resisting change.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                    6. Coercion:<\/strong>\u00a0Use intimidation tactics as a last resort.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                                      <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                      Role of HRM How Can Human Resource Planning be Achieved? What are the 5 R\u2019s of Human Resources? Internal and External Factors Influencing HRM (Demographic Change) Changes in Labor Mobility Immigration Flexitime Teleworking Homeworking Advantages of Teleworking and Homeworking for Employees Disadvantages of Teleworking and Homeworking for Employees Advantages of Teleworking and Homeworking for Employers […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","subject":[86],"unit":[102],"class_list":["post-3055","notes","type-notes","status-publish","hentry","subject-business-management","unit-unit-2"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/acmeitsolutions.net\/ibcognito\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/notes\/3055","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/acmeitsolutions.net\/ibcognito\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/notes"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/acmeitsolutions.net\/ibcognito\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/notes"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/acmeitsolutions.net\/ibcognito\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3055"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"subject","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acmeitsolutions.net\/ibcognito\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/subject?post=3055"},{"taxonomy":"unit","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acmeitsolutions.net\/ibcognito\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/unit?post=3055"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}